# 15. Appendix: error codes

Two different things get called "the error" in this interpreter, and a program author
meets both. **The report** is the line printed when something goes wrong and nothing
catches it. **The code** is the number `ER#` holds when a `TRAP` handler catches it.
This appendix is the complete list of each.

Chapter 4 is where error trapping is explained; this is the reference you come back to
once you already know what a `TRAP` is.

## The report

An error nothing traps is printed as one line and stops the run:

```basic
10 PRINT LEFT(1, 2)
20 PRINT "NEVER REACHED"
```

```output
? 10 : RUNTIME ERROR LEFT expected a string

```

The shape is `? line : CLASS message`. There are exactly four classes, and which one
you get says *when* the interpreter gave up rather than what was wrong:

| Class | Raised when |
|---|---|
| `PARSE ERROR` | The line could not be turned into a statement. Nothing on it ran. Also what the four prescans report as, since they run before any statement does. |
| `SYNTAX ERROR` | A statement was well-formed but not a legal one here. |
| `RUNTIME ERROR` | A statement ran and failed. The commonest by a wide margin. |
| `IO ERROR` | Reading the program itself failed — not a file a program opened, which is a `RUNTIME ERROR` like any other. |

The line number is where the interpreter was, which for a `PARSE ERROR` is the line
that would not parse and for a `RUNTIME ERROR` is the line that failed.

## The code

`ER#` is the code, `EL#` is the line, and `ERR(n)` is the message text for a code.
They are ordinary global variables here rather than the bare `ER` and `EL` a C128
exposes; Chapter 13 says why.

Every one of them is set for a trapped error, and **a parse error is trappable too**:

```basic
10 TRAP 200
20 DIM Q#(2)
30 SCALE
40 PRINT LEFT(1, 2)
50 GOTO NOWHERE
60 PRINT Q#(9)
70 PRINT 1 / 0
80 RESUME
90 FILTER 1, 1
100 END
200 PRINT "LINE " + EL# + ": " + ER# + " " + ERR(ER#)
210 RESUME NEXT
```

```output
LINE 30: 512 Syntax Error
LINE 40: 513 Type Error
LINE 50: 514 Undefined Reference
LINE 60: 515 Out Of Bounds
LINE 70: 517 Value Error
LINE 80: 518 State Error
LINE 90: 519 Device Error
```

That program is run by the test suite, so the numbers in the table below are checked
rather than claimed. Line 90 is `FILTER` rather than a drawing verb because `FILTER`
refuses in *every* build — a `DRAW` would only give 519 in a build with no window, and
the point here is the code rather than the verb.

## The interpreter's own codes

These eight are akbasic's, they are absolute, and they do not move. The interpreter
owns the block 512 to 767 and uses the first eight of it.

| Code | `ERR()` text | What raises it |
|---|---|---|
| 512 | `Syntax Error` | A line that will not parse, a verb given the wrong shape of arguments, a keyword where a value belongs, or a branch by number to a line the program did not number. The commonest code and the only one that can arrive before a statement runs. |
| 513 | `Type Error` | A string where a number belongs or the reverse — `LEFT(1, 2)`, `A$ = 1 + "X"` used as a number, a non-integer array subscript. |
| 514 | `Undefined Reference` | A branch to a label that does not exist, or a call to a function that was never defined. A branch to a *line* that does not exist raises nothing at all: `GOTO 500` with no line 500 walks to the end of the program and stops, which is the same answer `RENUMBER` gives such a branch. |
| 515 | `Out Of Bounds` | An array subscript past the end, a colour index outside 1 to 16, a sprite number outside 1 to 8, a `RGR` or `RSPRITE` field number that is not a field. |
| 516 | `Environment Error` | The scope pool is exhausted — 32 nested `GOSUB`, `FOR` or `DEF` bodies. **See below: this is the one code you cannot usefully trap.** |
| 517 | `Value Error` | A number that is the wrong number: division by zero, a negative `SCALE` maximum, a string longer than 255 characters, a `GSHAPE` handed a string that did not come from `SSHAPE`. |
| 518 | `State Error` | A verb run outside the structure it needs — `RESUME` with no handler running, `NEXT` with no `FOR`, `LOOP` with no `DO`. |
| 519 | `Device Error` | A verb needs a graphics, audio, input or sprite device the runtime has not been given, or one that cannot do what was asked. Everything in Chapters 6, 7 and 8 refuses with this in a build with no window. `FILTER` and `SYS` refuse with it always. |

**516 is not usefully trappable and that is inherent, not a defect.** Entering a
handler takes a scope, and the pool being empty is exactly what raised the error — so
a program that exhausts it gets the report rather than the handler. Runaway recursion
is the way to reach it, and a handler that could not run is the right answer to it.

## Codes from underneath

`ER#` carries whatever code the failure was raised with, and not every failure comes
from the interpreter. Two other kinds reach a program.

**Errors from the C library, as `errno`.** The disk verbs open, read and delete real
files, and a real file refuses for the reasons files refuse:

```basic
10 TRAP 100
20 DOPEN 1, "nosuchfile.bas"
30 END
100 PRINT "" + ER# + " " + ERR(ER#)
110 END
```

```output
2 No such file or directory
```

2 is `ENOENT`. Any `errno` your platform defines can arrive this way, with the text
your C library gives it — so this is the one part of the table that is your machine's
rather than this document's.

**Errors from the libraries akbasic is built on.** `libakerror` names its own codes
just above the `errno` range, and they surface when something fails below the language
rather than in it — `SCRATCH` on a file that will not delete gives its
`Input Output Error`, and `VAL` of text that is not a number gives its `Value Error`
rather than the interpreter's 517, because the conversion happens in `libakstdlib` and
the code comes back up with it. In the SDL build, `libakgl` owns 256 to 262 and an
`SDL Error` can reach `ER#` if the renderer itself refuses.

**Do not hardcode those numbers.** `libakerror`'s codes are defined as offsets from
the largest `errno` your platform has, so the same code is a different integer on a
different machine — on the machine this was written on the range begins at 134, and
that is not a promise. The interpreter's own 512 to 519 are absolute and are the only
numbers worth writing into a program.

## Two codes render as the same text

`ERR()` gives the *registered name* for a code, and two pairs of them collide:

| Text | Given by |
|---|---|
| `Type Error` | 513, and `libakerror`'s own type error |
| `Value Error` | 517, and `libakerror`'s own value error |

The `Value Error` pair is not hypothetical — it is the `VAL` case above:

```basic
10 TRAP 100
20 PRINT VAL("XYZ")
30 END
100 PRINT ERR(ER#)
110 IF ER# = 517 THEN PRINT "INTERPRETER"
120 IF ER# <> 517 THEN PRINT "FROM UNDERNEATH"
130 END
```

```output
Value Error
FROM UNDERNEATH
```

So `IF ERR(ER#) = "Value Error" THEN` is not a reliable test and `IF ER# = 517 THEN`
is. **Compare the code; print the text.**

## What is not in `ER#`

An error the interpreter reports *about the host* rather than about your program never
reaches `ER#`, because it is not the program's error to catch — a font that will not
open, a window that will not create. Those come out of the embedding API instead;
Chapter 14 draws that line, and Chapter 10 is what a host does with it.
