docs/17-tutorial-breakout.md

@@ -1049,17 +1049,17 @@ every program. It remains a useful from-scratch PRNG example:
 ```basic norun
 SEED# = 12345
 RMAX# = 6
-RND# = 0
+ROLL# = 0
 I# = 0
 FOR I# = 1 TO 5
   GOSUB RANDOM
-  PRINT "ROLL " + (RND# + 1)
+  PRINT "ROLL " + (ROLL# + 1)
 NEXT I#
 END
 
 LABEL RANDOM
 SEED# = MOD(((SEED# * 1103515245) + 12345), 2147483648)
-RND# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
+ROLL# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
 RETURN
 ```
 

docs/21-tutorial-galaga-enemies.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ whole development loop; the engine never rebuilds.
 - **[Step 2](#step-2-bind-the-engines-own-actor)** — bind the engine's own
   actor as the second type, which is the point of the whole exercise
 - **[Step 3](#step-3-share-the-frame-and-the-dice)** — share the frame state,
-  and give the script randomness it cannot make itself
+  and hand the script dice the engine controls
 - **[Step 4](#step-4-why-bindings-and-not-arguments)** — see why the structures
   are bindings rather than function arguments
 - **[Step 5](#step-5-the-shape-of-the-script)** — learn the three language
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ typedef struct galaga_Enemy
     float    t;		/* parametric clock for the current maneuver	*/
     int32_t  hp;
     int32_t  fire;	/* outbox: script sets 1, engine consumes	*/
-    float    rnd;	/* inbox: engine writes fresh 0..1 each call	*/
+    float    rnd;	/* inbox: fresh 0..1 each call; ROLL% in BASIC	*/
 } galaga_Enemy;
 ```
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static const akbasic_HostField ENEMY_FIELDS[] = {
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, t,      "T%",       AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, hp,     "HP#",      AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_INT32 ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, fire,   "FIRE#",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_INT32 ),
-    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, rnd,    "RND%",     AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
+    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, rnd,    "ROLL%",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
 };
 static const akbasic_HostType ENEMY_TYPE = {
     "ENEMY", sizeof(galaga_Enemy), ENEMY_FIELDS, 8
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ typedef struct galaga_Shared
     float    playerx;	/* the player actor's position, this frame	*/
     float    playery;
     int32_t  wave;
-    float    rnd;	/* fresh 0..1 each frame; the issue #16 route	*/
+    float    rnd;	/* fresh 0..1 each frame; ROLL% to the script	*/
 } galaga_Shared;
 ```
 
@@ -203,13 +203,24 @@ the engine refreshes it at the top of every frame. The boss reads
 `GAME@.PLAYERX%` to lead its dive; the fire decision reads it to know whether
 anything is worth shooting at.
 
-The `rnd` fields — one here per frame, one on each enemy per call — exist
+The `rnd` fields — one here per frame, one on each enemy per call — carry the
-because the engine's PRNG is the script's **only** source of randomness: write
+engine's PRNG into the script: write `SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 1.5` and an enemy's
-`SELF@.RND% < DT% * 1.5` and an enemy's trigger finger is a dice roll. There
+trigger finger is a dice roll.
-is no `RND` verb in this dialect; issue #16 tracks adding one, and Chapter
+
-17's breakout hand-rolls a linear congruential generator in BASIC as the other
+The dialect does now have a native `RND` function — issue #16 closed, and
-route. Here the engine fills the field, which also keeps a headless run the
+[Chapter 12](12-function-reference.md) documents it — so this is no longer the
-same game on every machine — the PRNG is the example's own, not libc's.
+*only* route; Chapter 17's breakout hand-rolls a linear congruential generator
+in BASIC as a third. The engine keeps filling the field here on purpose,
+because it buys something `RND` cannot: the numbers come from the example's own
+PRNG rather than libc's, so a headless run is the same game on every machine,
+which is what makes `example_galaga` a test and not just a demo.
+
+**The BASIC name is `ROLL%`, not `RND%`.** A host field is a bare word and
+shares a namespace with every verb and function, so once `RND` became a
+function name a field could no longer be called that — the scanner refuses it
+with *"Reserved word in variable name"*. The C member stays `rnd`; only the
+name the script sees had to move. [Chapter 16](16-structures.md) has the same
+rule for `TYPE` declarations.
 
 ## Step 4: Why bindings, and not arguments
 
@@ -351,7 +362,7 @@ DEF DECIDEFIRE(DT%)
   DX% = GAME@.PLAYERX% - ACTOR@.X%
   IF ABS(DX%) > 140 THEN RETURN 0
   IF ACTOR@.Y% > GAME@.PLAYERY% THEN RETURN 0
-  IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 1.5 THEN SELF@.FIRE# = 1
+  IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 1.5 THEN SELF@.FIRE# = 1
   RETURN 0
 END
 ```
@@ -386,7 +397,7 @@ DEF UPDATEBEE(DT%)
   IF (S# AND 2) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     ACTOR@.X% = SELF@.HOMEX% + SIN(SELF@.T% * 1.7) * 16
     ACTOR@.Y% = SELF@.HOMEY%
-    IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 0.04 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
+    IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 0.04 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
   BEND
   IF (S# AND 4) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     R# = DIVESTEP(DT%, 130, 0.2)

examples/breakout/characters/breakout.bas

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ RX# = 0
 N# = 0
 MROW# = 0
 RMAX# = 2
-RND# = 0
+ROLL# = 0
 SND# = 0
 P$ = ""
 H$ = ""
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ BSG$(4) = "[--]"
 BSG$(5) = "[--]"
 
 REM --- the seed -------------------------------------------------------
-REM There is no RND in this dialect. TI# is jiffies off the host's clock
+REM RND exists now, but this program keeps its own LCG so a headless run
+REM is the same game every time. TI# is jiffies off the host's clock
 REM and is host uptime rather than zero-based, which makes it a fine seed.
 SEED# = TI#
 
@@ -389,17 +390,18 @@ BY# = PY# - 10
 RMAX# = 2
 GOSUB RANDOM
 BVX# = BSPD#
-IF RND# = 0 THEN BVX# = 0 - BSPD#
+IF ROLL# = 0 THEN BVX# = 0 - BSPD#
 BVY# = 0 - BSPD#
 PDEC# = 0
 GOSUB SHOWSPR
 RETURN
 
-REM A linear congruential generator, because this dialect has no RND.
+REM A linear congruential generator. RND(n) would do this in one token
+REM now; the LCG stays because its sequence is reproducible.
 REM The multiply stays inside int64 for any seed under 2^31.
 LABEL RANDOM
 SEED# = MOD(((SEED# * 1103515245) + 12345), 2147483648)
-RND# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
+ROLL# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
 RETURN
 
 REM ####################################################################
@@ -632,7 +634,7 @@ NUDGE# = 0
 STALL# = 0
 RMAX# = 4
 GOSUB RANDOM
-BVX# = (RND# * 3) - 6
+BVX# = (ROLL# * 3) - 6
 IF BVX# = 0 THEN BVX# = 3
 RETURN
 
@@ -641,7 +643,7 @@ REM like something with a hand on the paddle rather than a mirror.
 LABEL DEMOAIM
 RMAX# = 81
 GOSUB RANDOM
-DOFF# = RND# - 40
+DOFF# = ROLL# - 40
 RETURN
 
 REM ####################################################################

examples/breakout/sprites/breakout.bas

@@ -241,7 +241,8 @@ SLX# = 0
 SLY# = 0
 SLI# = 0
 REM The two eraser stamps. Declared here for exactly the same reason -- built
-REM inside DRAWPROTOS and left undeclared, they were SHAPE:6 and SHAPE:7 inside
+REM inside DRAWPROTOS and left undeclared, they were SHAPE:6 and SHAPE:7
+REM inside
 REM it and empty everywhere else.
 BL$ = ""
 HBL$ = ""
@@ -254,10 +255,13 @@ REM cursor through every DATA item in the program in the order they appear
 REM in the file, so whichever loader runs first gets the DATA that is
 REM written first. The tables are written first.
 REM The text layer repaints every row it owns, opaque, so it has to be moved
-REM out of the way before anything drawn can be seen. Two rows at the bottom is
+REM out of the way before anything drawn can be seen. Two rows at the bottom
+REM is
 REM enough for the final score, and hands the other thirty-five to the drawing
-REM verbs. Everything this game draws then simply stays there -- a drawing goes
+REM verbs. Everything this game draws then simply stays there -- a drawing
-REM into a layer the frame composites, so nothing here is captured into a sprite
+REM goes
+REM into a layer the frame composites, so nothing here is captured into a
+REM sprite
 REM and nothing is redrawn every frame.
 WINDOW 0, 35, 49, 36
 
@@ -293,7 +297,8 @@ ENVELOPE 0, 0, 6, 0, 4
 TEMPO 12
 
 COLLISION 2, BRICKHIT
-REM The stamps, once. They used to be rebuilt whenever the SSHAPE pool ran dry,
+REM The stamps, once. They used to be rebuilt whenever the SSHAPE pool ran
+REM dry,
 REM because every frame's capture spent another slot; nothing captures now, so
 REM eight slots are spent here and never again.
 GOSUB DRAWPROTOS
@@ -374,7 +379,8 @@ COLOR 1, 1
 FOR K# = 0 TO 15
   DRAW 1, 0, 130 + K# TO 67, 130 + K#
 NEXT K#
-REM And an eighth the width of the HUD strip, for the same reason: the strip is
+REM And an eighth the width of the HUD strip, for the same reason: the strip
+REM is
 REM rewritten whenever a number in it changes, and the old digits have to go
 REM somewhere first.
 FOR K# = 0 TO 59
@@ -393,7 +399,8 @@ DPLAY# = 1
 DHUD# = 1
 RETURN
 
-REM Take one brick off the screen: stamp the blank over it. Called when a brick
+REM Take one brick off the screen: stamp the blank over it. Called when a
+REM brick
 REM breaks, so the field is never redrawn as a whole during play -- which is
 REM what lets the whole live-list machinery go.
 LABEL ERASEBRICK
@@ -444,7 +451,8 @@ WIDTH 1
 COLOR 0, 1 : COLOR 1, 4 : COLOR 2, 8 : COLOR 3, 5
 COLOR 4, 11 : COLOR 5, 16 : COLOR 6, 6
 REM The old strip goes first. Nothing here clears the screen -- a drawing
-REM stays, which is the whole point -- so the digits that were there have to be
+REM stays, which is the whole point -- so the digits that were there have to
+REM be
 REM stamped over before the new ones are drawn.
 Z$ = HBL$
 GSHAPE Z$, 0, 0
@@ -495,7 +503,10 @@ IF SNDON# = 0 THEN VOL 0
 RETURN
 
 LABEL PRESSPAUSE
-IF STATE# = 2 THEN STATE# = 6 : GMTYP# = 0 : BAN$ = "PAUSED" : GOSUB SETBANNER : RETURN
+IF STATE# <> 2 THEN GOTO PRESSPAUSE2
+STATE# = 6 : GMTYP# = 0 : BAN$ = "PAUSED" : GOSUB SETBANNER
+RETURN
+LABEL PRESSPAUSE2
 IF STATE# = 6 THEN STATE# = 2 : BAN$ = "" : GOSUB SETBANNER
 RETURN
 

examples/galaga/enemies.c

@@ -71,10 +71,15 @@ static char *ENEMY_CHARACTER[GALAGA_ENEMY_KINDS] = {
 /* --------------------------------------------------------------- random --- */
 
 /*
- * No RND verb exists (issue #16), so the engine is the script's only source
+ * The engine is this script's source of randomness: it refreshes GAME@.ROLL%
- * of randomness: it refreshes GAME@.RND% each frame and SELF@.RND% each call
+ * each frame and SELF@.ROLL% each call from this PRNG. A hand-rolled LCG
- * from this PRNG. A hand-rolled LCG rather than rand() so a headless run is
+ * rather than rand() so a headless run is the same game on every libc, which
- * the same game on every libc.
+ * is what lets interop_test.c assert exact counts. The dialect gained a native
+ * RND (issue #16) after this example was written; the field stays because RND
+ * would reintroduce exactly the per-machine variation this avoids.
+ *
+ * The BASIC-visible name is ROLL%, not RND%: host field names share a
+ * namespace with verbs and functions, so RND stopped being available as one.
  */
 static uint32_t PRNG_STATE = 0x12345678u;
 

examples/galaga/galaga.bas

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ DEF DECIDEFIRE(DT%)
   DX% = GAME@.PLAYERX% - ACTOR@.X%
   IF ABS(DX%) > 140 THEN RETURN 0
   IF ACTOR@.Y% > GAME@.PLAYERY% THEN RETURN 0
-  IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 1.5 THEN SELF@.FIRE# = 1
+  IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 1.5 THEN SELF@.FIRE# = 1
   RETURN 0
 
 REM Bee: enter, breathe in formation, occasionally dive nearly straight.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ DEF UPDATEBEE(DT%)
   IF (S# AND 2) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     ACTOR@.X% = SELF@.HOMEX% + SIN(SELF@.T% * 1.7) * 16
     ACTOR@.Y% = SELF@.HOMEY%
-    IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 0.04 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
+    IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 0.04 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
   BEND
   IF (S# AND 4) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     R# = DIVESTEP(DT%, 130, 0.2)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ DEF UPDATEBFLY(DT%)
   IF (S# AND 2) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     ACTOR@.X% = SELF@.HOMEX% + SIN(SELF@.T% * 2.1) * 24
     ACTOR@.Y% = SELF@.HOMEY%
-    IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 0.05 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
+    IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 0.05 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
   BEND
   IF (S# AND 4) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     R# = DIVESTEP(DT%, 260, 0.1)
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ DEF UPDATEBOSS(DT%)
   IF (S# AND 2) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     ACTOR@.X% = SELF@.HOMEX% + SIN(SELF@.T% * 1.1) * 10
     ACTOR@.Y% = SELF@.HOMEY%
-    IF SELF@.RND% < DT% * 0.03 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
+    IF SELF@.ROLL% < DT% * 0.03 THEN SELF@.STATE# = 4 : SELF@.T% = 0
   BEND
   IF (S# AND 4) > 0 THEN BEGIN
     R# = DIVESTEP(DT%, 60, 0.9)

examples/galaga/galaga.h

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ typedef struct galaga_Enemy
     float    t;		/* parametric clock for the current maneuver	*/
     int32_t  hp;
     int32_t  fire;	/* outbox: script sets 1, engine consumes	*/
-    float    rnd;	/* inbox: engine writes fresh 0..1 each call	*/
+    float    rnd;	/* inbox: fresh 0..1 each call; ROLL% in BASIC	*/
 } galaga_Enemy;
 
 /** @brief Frame state every enemy may read. Bound once as GAME@. */
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ typedef struct galaga_Shared
     float    playerx;	/* the player actor's position, this frame	*/
     float    playery;
     int32_t  wave;
-    float    rnd;	/* fresh 0..1 each frame; the issue #16 route	*/
+    float    rnd;	/* fresh 0..1 each frame; ROLL% to the script	*/
 } galaga_Shared;
 
 /* --------------------------------------------------------------- screens --- */

examples/galaga/main.c

@@ -491,7 +491,8 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *frame(bool *running)
     }
 
     /* The shared frame state, refreshed before any enemy thinks. The engine
-     * filling GAME@.RND% is the issue #16 route: no RND verb exists. */
+     * fills GAME@.ROLL% from its own PRNG rather than letting the script call
+     * the native RND, so a headless run is the same game on every machine. */
     galaga_shared.playerx = galaga_game.player->x + 50.0f;
     galaga_shared.playery = galaga_game.player->y;
     galaga_shared.rnd = galaga_random();

examples/galaga/script.c

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static const akbasic_HostField ENEMY_FIELDS[] = {
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, t,      "T%",       AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, hp,     "HP#",      AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_INT32 ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, fire,   "FIRE#",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_INT32 ),
-    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, rnd,    "RND%",     AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
+    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Enemy, rnd,    "ROLL%",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
 };
 static const akbasic_HostType ENEMY_TYPE = {
     "ENEMY", sizeof(galaga_Enemy), ENEMY_FIELDS, 8
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ static const akbasic_HostField GAME_FIELDS[] = {
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Shared, playerx, "PLAYERX%", AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Shared, playery, "PLAYERY%", AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT ),
     AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Shared, wave,    "WAVE#",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_INT32 ),
-    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Shared, rnd,     "RND%",     AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
+    AKBASIC_HOST_FIELD( galaga_Shared, rnd,     "ROLL%",    AKBASIC_HOSTFIELD_FLOAT )
 };
 static const akbasic_HostType GAME_TYPE = {
     "GAME", sizeof(galaga_Shared), GAME_FIELDS, 4

examples/megademo/megademo.bas

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ REM  A demoscene production for the akbasic interpreter, written as if
 REM  it were 1985 and this dialect were the machine under the tree.
 REM  It leans on every corner of the interpreter on purpose:
 REM
-REM    - there is no RND, so it carries chapter 17's LCG and seeds it
+REM    - it carries chapter 17's LCG rather than the native RND, and seeds it
 REM      from the jiffy clock
 REM    - the palette cannot be rewritten, so every "colour cycle" is an
 REM      honest redraw of the same strokes in the next colour
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ REM  machine and a predeclared scratch variable occupies one forever,
 REM  where a scoped one gives its slot back. The first cut of this
 REM  program predeclared everything and ran the pool dry.
 RMAX# = 0
-RND# = 0
+ROLL# = 0
 TX% = 0
 TB# = 0
 
@@ -816,11 +816,12 @@ REM =====================================================================
 REM  Subroutines.
 REM =====================================================================
 
-REM  Chapter 17's generator, verbatim: there is no RND in this dialect.
+REM  Chapter 17's historical generator, verbatim. RND(n) is built in now;
-REM  Answers 0 to RMAX#-1 in RND#, from the middle bits of the seed.
+REM  this stays so the demo runs identically on every machine.
+REM  Answers 0 to RMAX#-1 in ROLL#, from the middle bits of the seed.
 LABEL RANDOM
 SEED# = MOD(((SEED# * 1103515245) + 12345), 2147483648)
-RND# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
+ROLL# = MOD((SEED# / 65536), RMAX#)
 RETURN
 
 REM  NS# stars in four brightnesses. Two LCG pulls a star, and the
@@ -830,10 +831,10 @@ SI# = 0
 DO WHILE SI# < NS#
   RMAX# = W#
   GOSUB RANDOM
-  X# = RND#
+  X# = ROLL#
   RMAX# = H#
   GOSUB RANDOM
-  Y# = RND#
+  Y# = ROLL#
   B# = MOD(SEED#, 4)
   COLOR 1, STC#(B#)
   DRAW 1, X#, Y#
@@ -1291,7 +1292,7 @@ LABEL REHOME
 MOVSPR L2#, 0.5 * W#, 0.5 * H#
 RMAX# = 360
 GOSUB RANDOM
-SBG#(L2#) = RND#
+SBG#(L2#) = ROLL#
 MOVSPR L2#, SBG#(L2#) # 5
 RETURN