# 19. Utilities

`util.h`, `json_helpers.h` and `staticstring.h` hold the pieces that belong to no subsystem:
rectangle overlap, asset path resolution, typed JSON accessors, and the pooled string type
everything else passes around. The JSON accessors are the valuable part of this chapter —
their status semantics are what every asset loader in the library is written against, and
they are documented nowhere else.

## The rectangle overlap test

One function, in `util.h`:

| Function | Question it answers |
|---|---|
| `akgl_collide_rectangles(r1, r2, collide)` | Do these two rectangles overlap? |

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
#include <akgl/util.h>

/* Do two actor boxes touch? Edges count as touching. */
akerr_ErrorContext *boxes_touch(SDL_FRect *a, SDL_FRect *b, bool *hit)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_collide_rectangles(a, b, hit));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

Three properties, all deliberate:

**Axis-aligned only.** There is no rotation support and no separating-axis test here. If you
want either, you want a collision shape — [Chapter 15](15-collision.md).

**Edges count as touching.** Two rectangles sharing an edge and no area overlap. Every
comparison is `<=`, and a version written with `<` would silently change what every pickup
test in a consumer answers.

**The comparison is in `float32_t`.** No intermediate form, no truncation, so an overlap
smaller than a pixel registers.

### The arrangement it used to miss

`akgl_collide_rectangles` compares the two rectangles' spans on both axes. Until 0.8.0 it
asked a different question — whether either rectangle enclosed one of the other's four
corners, eight tests, stopping at the first hit — and that question has the wrong answer for
one arrangement:

```text
          +---+                        +---+
          |   |                        |   |
      +---|---|---+                +---+---+---+     <- overlaps, but
      |   |   |   |     was        |   |   |   |        no corner of
      +---|---|---+   reported     +---+---+---+        either is inside
          |   |         as             |   |            the other
          +---+       "no hit"         +---+
```

A tall thin rectangle crossing a short wide one overlaps in a plus sign with no corner of
either inside the other, so all eight tests said no — and a long thin platform crossing a
tall thin character is exactly that shape. The header carried a `@note` describing it rather
than a fix.

It is four comparisons now, `r1.x <= r2.x + r2.w && r2.x <= r1.x + r1.w` on both axes.

**If you are upgrading from 0.7.x, three things change.** The cross now reports `true`, which
is the point. The comparison no longer round-trips through an `int` intermediate, so overlaps
and gaps smaller than a pixel are seen rather than truncated away — a pickup test that was
accidentally forgiving by up to a pixel is no longer forgiving. And **four symbols are
gone**:

| Removed in 0.8.0 | Why | What to write instead |
|---|---|---|
| `akgl_rectangle_points` | Built the corner form `akgl_collide_rectangles` no longer uses | Nothing. It had no other caller |
| `akgl_collide_point_rectangle` | Same | `p.x >= r.x && p.x <= r.x + r.w` on both axes — four comparisons, and no `SDL_FRect`-to-corners conversion in front of them |
| `akgl_Point` | Existed to carry an `int` position into the above, with a `z` nothing ever read | `SDL_FPoint`, if you want a point type |
| `akgl_RectanglePoints` | Existed to carry four of them | — |

Nothing outside `tests/` called either function. They were the intermediate form of an
implementation that changed.

### What stays, and why it is not collision

**The library runs its own collision** — [Chapter 15](15-collision.md) — and it does not use
this. `akgl_collision_test` works in centres and half-extents, answers with a normal and a
depth rather than a boolean, and handles circles and capsules as well as boxes.

`akgl_collide_rectangles` stays because a game-level overlap question is not always a physics
question: a coin, a minimap marker, a UI hit test, "is the cursor over this". Both tutorials
use it for pickups and hazards from an `updatefunc`, where a `bool` is the whole answer and a
proxy, a broad-phase insert and a narrowphase call would be computing a normal nothing reads.
For anything that should push or be pushed, use a collision shape.

## Path resolution

Asset files name their neighbours relatively: a sprite definition names its spritesheet, a
tilemap names its tilesets. "Relative" has to mean *relative to the file doing the naming*,
not to wherever the game was launched from — and `akgl_path_relative` is what makes that
true.

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <akgl/heap.h>
#include <akgl/staticstring.h>
#include <akgl/util.h>

/* Resolve one asset's reference to a neighbour. dest must already be a
   claimed pool string -- this writes into it, it does not claim one. */
akerr_ErrorContext *resolve_neighbour(char *mapdir, char *reference)
{
    akgl_String *resolved = NULL;

    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_heap_next_string(&resolved));

    ATTEMPT {
	CATCH(errctx, akgl_path_relative(mapdir, reference, resolved));
	SDL_Log("%s -> %s", reference, resolved->data);
    } CLEANUP {
	IGNORE(akgl_heap_release_string(resolved));
    } PROCESS(errctx) {
    } FINISH(errctx, true);

    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

The order it tries things in:

```text
   akgl_path_relative(root, path, dest)
        |
        1. realpath(path)                  <- relative to the process CWD
        |     |
        |     +-- succeeds -> absolute result into dest, done
        |     |
        |     +-- ENOENT ---+
        |                   |
        2.                  +-> realpath(root + "/" + path)
                                  |
                                  +-- succeeds -> absolute result, done
                                  |
                                  +-- fails -> the errno propagates
```

Either way the result is **absolute**, with symlinks and `..` folded out, because both
branches end in `realpath(3)`.

Three things to know:

- **`dest` must already be a claimed pool string.** This writes into it; it does not claim
  one for you. `root` is required even on the path where it goes unused.
- **The fallback pastes `root` in front of `path` unconditionally**, so an absolute `path`
  that does not exist gets `root` prepended and fails on a nonsense spelling. Do not send
  absolute paths you expect to fall through.
- **`AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS`** if `root + "/" + path` would not fit `AKGL_MAX_STRING_LENGTH`
  (`PATH_MAX`); **`ENOENT`**, or whatever else `realpath(3)` reports — `EACCES`, `ELOOP`,
  `ENOTDIR` — if neither spelling names an existing file; **`AKGL_ERR_HEAP`** if the string
  pool cannot supply the scratch buffers.

> **Stale defect note.** `util.h:124-128` warns that the fallback path "returns straight out
> of the ENOENT handler and so never releases the error context it was handling", costing one
> of libakerror's 128 context slots per call for the life of the process, and `TODO.md` item
> 15 records the same thing as open. **Both are out of date.** `src/util.c:115-129` sets a
> flag in the `HANDLE(errctx, ENOENT)` block and calls `path_relative_root` *after* `FINISH`,
> which is exactly the fix that entry proposes, and the code carries a comment explaining
> why. The leak is gone; the two notes describing it are not.

## The JSON accessors

Every asset format in this library is JSON, parsed by
[jansson](https://jansson.readthedocs.io/), and jansson's own accessors answer "missing
key", "wrong type" and "index past the end" all with the same `NULL`. `json_helpers.h`
splits them apart so a malformed asset file produces a message naming the key and what was
wrong with it, instead of a `NULL` dereference three frames later.

**jansson owns `json_t`, `json_decref`, the parser and the reference-counting rules.** What
this section documents is which status means what, and who owns the results.

### Five conventions that run through the whole set

**Absence is an error.** A missing key is `AKERR_KEY` — not a quiet `NULL`, not a zero. That
is the opposite of the search functions in libakstdlib, and it is deliberate: an optional key
is expressed by handing the resulting error to `akgl_get_json_with_default`, not by the
accessor staying quiet. So `AKERR_KEY` in a loader is frequently a `HANDLE` block rather than
a failure.

**Results come back through `dest`,** because the return value is the error context. Every
argument is `NULL`-checked — the document or array, the key where there is one, and `dest` —
and each raises `AKERR_NULLPOINTER` with a message saying which. `dest` is not written on any
failure path.

**`json_t *` results are borrowed, not owned.** `akgl_get_json_object_value`,
`akgl_get_json_array_value` and `akgl_get_json_array_index_object` hand back pointers *into*
the document. They are valid until the document is freed and **must never be
`json_decref`'d.** Doing so drops a reference the accessor never took and takes the sub-object
out from under the document that owns it.

**Strings are the exception: they are copied.** `akgl_get_json_string_value` and
`akgl_get_json_array_index_string` write into a pooled `akgl_String` you release yourself.
`*dest` doubles as an input — `NULL` means "claim one for me", non-`NULL` means "write into
this one" — and it must be *initialized* either way, because an indeterminate `*dest` is
dereferenced. A value longer than `AKGL_MAX_STRING_LENGTH` is truncated silently.

**The document is never modified.** No accessor writes to it, adds to it, or reorders it.

### The status table

These are the four statuses this family raises. [Chapter 4](04-errors.md) carries the full
tables for the library; this one says what each means *here*.

| Status | Means | Raised by |
|---|---|---|
| `AKERR_NULLPOINTER` | Any argument was `NULL` — the document, the key, or `dest` | All |
| `AKERR_KEY` | **The key is absent.** The idiomatic "optional thing was not there" | The object accessors |
| `AKERR_TYPE` | The key is present but is the wrong JSON type | All |
| `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` | The index is outside the array. A negative index reports the same way as one past the end | The `akgl_get_json_array_index_*` family |
| `AKGL_ERR_HEAP` | `*dest` was `NULL` and the string pool is exhausted | The two string accessors |

**`AKERR_INDEX` is not in that list, and libakgl never raises it anywhere.** It appears in
this subsystem only as a `HANDLE_GROUP` arm inside `akgl_get_json_with_default`, defending
against a status no accessor produces. Harmless, and worth knowing before you write a
`HANDLE` block for it.

> **Stale header prose.** The conventions block at the top of `json_helpers.h` says "**@p
> dest is not `NULL`-checked** except where noted, so a `NULL` there is a crash rather than an
> error context", and `akgl_get_json_string_value`'s `@param key` says it is "checked here,
> unlike the other accessors in this file". **Neither is true.** All eleven accessors check
> `dest`, and all seven that take a `key` check that too — `src/json_helpers.c` raises
> `AKERR_NULLPOINTER` with "NULL destination pointer" or "NULL key string" at every one. The
> per-function claim that a `NULL` key "is reported as a missing key rather than as a `NULL`
> pointer" is wrong the same way.

### Integer is strict; number is not

This is the distinction that catches people:

| Accessor | `"w": 3` | `"w": 3.0` | `"w": "3"` |
|---|---|---|---|
| `akgl_get_json_integer_value` | 3 | **`AKERR_TYPE`** | `AKERR_TYPE` |
| `akgl_get_json_number_value` | 3.0f | 3.0f | `AKERR_TYPE` |
| `akgl_get_json_double_value` | 3.0 | 3.0 | `AKERR_TYPE` |

`3.0` is a *real* in JSON, and `akgl_get_json_integer_value` refuses it rather than
truncating it. Use one of the number accessors where either spelling should be accepted;
`_double_value` exists because the physics constants are `double`.

`akgl_get_json_boolean_value` is strict in the same direction: `0` and `1` are numbers in
JSON and are refused. It wants `true` or `false`.

### Reading a document

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <jansson.h>
#include <akgl/json_helpers.h>
#include <akgl/heap.h>
#include <akgl/staticstring.h>

/* A required key, an optional one with a default, and a borrowed sub-object. */
akerr_ErrorContext *read_sprite_header(json_t *doc)
{
    json_t *frames = NULL;          /* BORROWED. Never json_decref this. */
    akgl_String *name = NULL;       /* Copied, and pooled. Release it. */
    int width = 0;
    int width_default = 32;
    float32_t scale = 0.0f;

    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);

    ATTEMPT {
	/* Required: an absent "name" is AKERR_KEY and propagates. */
	CATCH(errctx, akgl_get_json_string_value(doc, "name", &name));

	/* Optional: AKERR_KEY becomes width_default and a NULL return. */
	CATCH(errctx, akgl_get_json_with_default(
		  akgl_get_json_integer_value(doc, "width", &width),
		  &width_default,
		  &width,
		  sizeof(int)));

	/* Strict: "scale": 2 and "scale": 2.0 are both accepted here.
	   akgl_get_json_integer_value would refuse the second. */
	CATCH(errctx, akgl_get_json_number_value(doc, "scale", &scale));

	/* Borrowed: valid until the document is freed. */
	CATCH(errctx, akgl_get_json_array_value(doc, "frames", &frames));
	SDL_Log("%s: %d wide, %.1f scale, %d frames",
		name->data, width, scale, (int)json_array_size(frames));
    } CLEANUP {
	IGNORE(akgl_heap_release_string(name));
    } PROCESS(errctx) {
    } FINISH(errctx, true);

    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

### `akgl_get_json_with_default` — how optional is spelled

Run the accessor, hand its error context here along with the fallback. A status it handles
becomes `dest` holding the default and a `NULL` return; anything else propagates untouched.
When the error *is* consumed it is also released, so you must not release it again. A `NULL`
`e` — the accessor succeeded — returns at once without touching `dest`.

**It defaults on three statuses**, and this is the current behaviour, checked against
`src/json_helpers.c:207-211`:

| Status | Defaulted? | Why |
|---|---|---|
| `AKERR_KEY` | Yes | The key is absent. That is what "optional" means for an object member |
| `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` | **Yes** | The index is past the end. That is what "optional" means for an array element |
| `AKERR_INDEX` | Yes | Defensive only — nothing in libakgl raises it |
| `AKERR_TYPE` | **No** | Propagates, and that is the correct line to draw |

**The `AKERR_TYPE` exclusion is the interesting one.** "The key is missing" and "the key is
present but holds a string where a number belongs" are not the same situation. The first is
an omitted setting and a default is exactly right for it. The second is a malformed document,
and quietly substituting a default there would hide the defect and hand the game a value the
author never wrote. So it propagates.

`AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` is the one that changed, because it is what the
`akgl_get_json_array_index_*` family actually raises for a short array. **An array element
does get a default now**, and "this element is optional" works for an array index as well as
for an object member.

> **Stale header prose.** `include/akgl/json_helpers.h:230-234` still says the opposite —
> that it defaults on `AKERR_KEY` and `AKERR_INDEX` "but *not* on `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` … so
> this pairs with the object accessors and does not currently give an array index a default".
> That was true before 0.5.0. `src/json_helpers.c` now carries a third
> `HANDLE_GROUP(e, AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS)` arm, placed *above* the arm holding the `memcpy`
> because `HANDLE_GROUP` emits no `break` and every arm falls into that body, and
> `tests/json_helpers.c` covers it through both the integer and object index accessors.
> `TODO.md` item 18 records it as fixed. The header comment wants correcting in its own
> commit.

`defsize` is trusted, not derived: it is a `memcpy` through `void *` with no type
information, and it must match the type both sides actually are.

**`defsize` is not the trap, though. Ownership is.**

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <jansson.h>
#include <akgl/error.h>
#include <akgl/json_helpers.h>

/* akgl_get_json_with_default hands BACK the context it was given when it
   does not handle the status. Take the result into a local, drop your own
   pointer, and release it yourself -- a CLEANUP block that also releases it
   double-releases, and a double-released context corrupts the failure
   instead of reporting it. */
akerr_ErrorContext *optional_int(json_t *doc, char *key, int *dest, int fallback)
{
    akerr_ErrorContext *keyerr = NULL;
    akerr_ErrorContext *defaulted = NULL;

    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);

    keyerr = akgl_get_json_integer_value(doc, key, dest);
    defaulted = akgl_get_json_with_default(keyerr, &fallback, dest, sizeof(int));
    keyerr = NULL;                     /* ownership passed either way */
    if ( defaulted != NULL ) {
	defaulted->handled = true;
	defaulted = akerr_release_error(defaulted);
	FAIL_RETURN(errctx, AKGL_ERR_BEHAVIOR, "%s was present but not an integer", key);
    }
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

The inline form in the previous example — passing the accessor's return straight into
`akgl_get_json_with_default` inside a `CATCH` — is safe, because you never hold a second
pointer to the context. It is when you *keep* one that this matters, and a test written the
naive way passes against broken code: the first draft of the `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` test in
`tests/json_helpers.c` did exactly that. See [Chapter 4](04-errors.md) and `AGENTS.md` under
"Testing Guidelines".

### The Tiled property helpers are elsewhere

`akgl_get_json_properties_integer`, `_number`, `_float`, `_double`, `_string` and
`akgl_get_json_tilemap_property` are declared in `tilemap.h`, not here. They read Tiled's
custom-property array — a list of `{"name": …, "type": …, "value": …}` objects — rather than
a plain JSON object, which is a different shape and belongs to a different chapter. See
[Chapter 13](13-tilemaps.md).

## `akgl_String`

The library allocates nothing at runtime, so a string here is a fixed-capacity buffer claimed
from the pool:

```c excerpt=include/akgl/staticstring.h
#define AKGL_MAX_STRING_LENGTH            PATH_MAX

/** @brief Provides a fixed-capacity, heap-managed string buffer. */
typedef struct
{
    int refcount;                       /**< Pool bookkeeping; 0 means the slot is free. Owned by the heap layer. */
    char data[AKGL_MAX_STRING_LENGTH];  /**< The characters. Not guaranteed NUL-terminated when filled to capacity. */
} akgl_String;
```

`data` is a plain `char[]`, so `str->data` goes anywhere a `char *` does. `refcount` belongs
to the heap layer — [Chapter 5](05-the-heap.md) — and **`akgl_heap_next_string` is the one
acquire function that takes the reference for you**, unlike the other seven pools.

Two functions operate on the contents:

| Function | What it does |
|---|---|
| `akgl_string_initialize(obj, init)` | Copies `init` in, or zero-fills when `init` is `NULL`, and sets `refcount` to 1. Always NUL-terminates; truncates silently |
| `akgl_string_copy(src, dest, count)` | Bounded copy between two already-claimed slots. `count` of 0 selects the whole buffer. Always NUL-terminates. Leaves `refcount` alone |

**Capacity is `PATH_MAX`**, which is what makes the string pool by far the largest of the
five — 256 slots is about a megabyte — and why claiming the *last* free slot from it costs
250 ns against 4 ns from the actor pool. Same algorithm, different cache behaviour; the scan
touches one reference count every 4 KiB. `PERFORMANCE.md` has the measurement.

`akgl_string_copy` refuses a negative `count` or one above `AKGL_MAX_STRING_LENGTH` with
`AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS`, because both buffers are exactly that long and a larger count walked off
the end of two pool slots at once.

## The two test-only helpers

`akgl_compare_sdl_surfaces` and `akgl_render_and_compare` are in `util.h` and are labelled in
the header as "REALLY slow routines that are only useful in testing harnesses". They are not
frame-path functions and this manual does not otherwise cover them:

- `akgl_compare_sdl_surfaces(s1, s2)` — dimensions, pitch and format first, then a `memcmp`
  over the raw pixels. A mismatch is reported as `AKERR_VALUE`, an error rather than an
  out-parameter.
- `akgl_render_and_compare(t1, t2, x, y, w, h, writeout)` — draws each texture into the same
  rectangle, reads the framebuffer back after each, and compares. Answers "do these render
  the same", which is not the same question as "are these identical", because the renderer's
  scaling and blending sit in between. `writeout` names a PNG of the first render, under
  `SDL_GetBasePath()`, which is how you see what was actually drawn when an assertion fails.

Both have a scar worth repeating. Until 0.5.0 `akgl_render_and_compare` drew `t1` on **both**
passes, so it always reported a match and every image assertion built on it asserted nothing.
