# 18. Audio

**There are two audio subsystems in libakgl and they have nothing to do with each other.**
Not two layers, not two APIs over one engine — two unrelated things that happen to make
sound. Knowing which one you are in is most of using either.

| | Three-voice synthesizer | The asset path |
|---|---|---|
| Header | `audio.h` | `assets.h` |
| Functions | 10 | 1 |
| Whose code | **libakgl's own, in full** | SDL3_mixer's, wrapped |
| Reads a file | Never | Always |
| Device | Its own `SDL_AudioStream`, opened by `akgl_audio_init` | The `MIX_Mixer` created by `akgl_game_init` |
| Globals | `akgl_audio_voices[3]` | `akgl_mixer`, `akgl_bgm`, `akgl_tracks[64]` |
| Vocabulary | Notes: waveform, frequency, envelope | Recordings: load, track, play |

The first half of this chapter documents the synthesizer completely, because it is ours. The
second half is one function and a link, because the decoding, the formats, the mixers and
the tracks all belong to
[SDL3_mixer](https://wiki.libsdl.org/SDL3_mixer/) and are documented there.

## Part 1 — the three-voice synthesizer

### Where the design comes from

The vocabulary is not invented. Every entry point maps onto a Commodore 128 BASIC 7.0
statement, and **the waveform enum values are literally the numbers `SOUND` takes**:

```c excerpt=include/akgl/audio.h
typedef enum {
    AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_TRIANGLE = 0,   /**< SOUND waveform 0. Soft, flute-like.        */
    AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_SAWTOOTH = 1,   /**< SOUND waveform 1. Bright, brassy.          */
    AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_SQUARE   = 2,   /**< SOUND waveform 2. Hollow, reedy. The default. */
    AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_NOISE    = 3,   /**< SOUND waveform 3. Unpitched; percussion.   */
    AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_SINE     = 4    /**< No SOUND equivalent. A pure tone.          */
} akgl_AudioWaveform;
```

| BASIC 7.0 | libakgl | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| `SOUND v, f, d` | `akgl_audio_tone(voice, hz, ms)` | One pitch, held for a gate length |
| `SOUND v, f, d, dir, min, step` | `akgl_audio_sweep(voice, from_hz, to_hz, step_hz, ms)` | Direction comes from the two frequencies, not from a sign |
| `SOUND v, f, d, , , , wf` | `akgl_audio_waveform(voice, waveform)` | Same five shapes, same first four numbers |
| `ENVELOPE n, a, d, s, r` | `akgl_audio_envelope(voice, attack, decay, sustain, release)` | Set per voice rather than per numbered preset |
| `VOL n` | `akgl_audio_volume(level)` | Master level, 0.0 to 1.0 |
| — | `akgl_audio_stop(voice)` | Hard cut; skips the release |
| — | `akgl_audio_voice_active(voice, &active)` | Wait out a note without a clock |

Three voices, because the machine this comes from had three and its music is written for
three:

```c excerpt=include/akgl/audio.h
#define AKGL_AUDIO_MAX_VOICES  3
```

Voices are addressed from **zero** here. A language whose own voices are numbered from one
maps them itself.

### The vocabulary in practice

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <akgl/audio.h>

/* A coin pickup: a short square blip on voice 0. */
akerr_ErrorContext *sfx_coin(void)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_waveform(0, AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_SQUARE));
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_envelope(0, 0, 20, 0.6f, 60));
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_tone(0, 1046.5f, 80));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}

/* A laser: pitch walks down from 1200 Hz to 200 Hz, 40 Hz every 1/60 s. */
akerr_ErrorContext *sfx_laser(void)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_waveform(1, AKGL_AUDIO_WAVE_SAWTOOTH));
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_envelope(1, 0, 0, 1.0f, 30));
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_sweep(1, 1200.0f, 200.0f, 40.0f, 400));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}

/* Wait for a note to finish without keeping a clock. */
akerr_ErrorContext *sfx_still_sounding(int voice, bool *sounding)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_voice_active(voice, sounding));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

`akgl_audio_waveform` and `akgl_audio_envelope` are **settings**: they persist on the voice
across notes and take effect on the next `akgl_audio_tone`. They do not reshape a note that
is already sounding. `akgl_audio_volume` is the exception — it is applied after the voices
are summed, so it does take effect on notes already playing.

**A voice you never described still makes a noise.** The table's defaults are a square wave,
sustain 1.0, and no attack, decay or release — held at full level for as long as the gate is
open. A *zeroed* voice would have a sustain of 0.0, which is silence, so a caller who sounded
a note without first setting an envelope would get nothing and no error saying why. The first
entry point to touch the table installs those defaults, whether or not a device is open.

### The envelope and the gate

`ms` is the length of the **gate**, not of the sound. The release runs after it, so a voice
with a release stays audible slightly longer than `ms`:

```text
  level
   1.0 |      /\
       |     /  \____________
       |    /   :            \sustain          release
   sus |___/    :             \________________.
       |  /     :                              :\
   0.0 |_/______:______________________________:_\______  time
       |<-A-><-D->|<------- gate (ms) -------->|<-R->|
       |                                       |
       gate opens                          gate closes
```

Zero-length stages are skipped rather than divided by. A zero attack starts at full level; a
zero decay drops to `sustain` at once; a zero release cuts off at once. `sustain` of 0.0 is
legal and gives a plucked sound — audible only through its attack and decay. An attack plus
decay longer than the gate is not an error either: the release simply starts partway up the
ramp.

**A voice goes quiet on its own** once gate and release are both spent. The mixer clears
`active`, which is why `akgl_audio_voice_active` is how you wait out a note.

### Sweeps

`akgl_audio_sweep` steps the pitch by `step_hz` every 1/60 of a second toward `to_hz`,
stopping when it arrives and holding there for whatever is left of the gate:

```c excerpt=include/akgl/audio.h
#define AKGL_AUDIO_SWEEP_TICK_HZ 60
```

Sixty, because the machine whose `SOUND` statement this serves advanced its sweep on a 60 Hz
interrupt and its tunes are written for that rate. It divides the 44100 Hz sample rate
exactly, so a step boundary always lands on a whole frame.

**Direction comes from the two frequencies, not from the sign of `step_hz`.** A downward
sweep is `to_hz` below `from_hz` with `step_hz` still positive; a negative or zero `step_hz`
raises `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS`. Equal frequencies are legal and are simply a held tone, so a
caller translating a statement that computes its own limits does not have to special-case
them.

**The step is taken on the mixer's own frame counter, and that is the whole reason this
function exists.** A caller re-issuing tones ties audible pitch to how often it happens to
run, so the same siren changes shape with the frame rate. Nothing outside the library can
see that counter.

`akgl_audio_tone` clears any sweep left on the voice — a step of 0 is what says "one pitch,
held" — so you never have to undo one.

### The voice table exists without a device

`akgl_audio_voices[3]` is process-wide static storage. It is reachable, settable and
readable before `akgl_audio_init` has ever run, and every entry point works. What you cannot
do is set up voices with no device open and expect to *hear* them.

That leaves two ways to get sound out, and **you must pick one**:

```text
   Path A -- libakgl owns the device
   ---------------------------------
   akgl_audio_init()
        |  opens an SDL_AudioStream, F32, mono, 44100 Hz, and resumes it
        |  (SDL opens devices paused; this one does not, because a caller
        |  who set up a voice and heard nothing would have no error to
        |  explain it)
        v
   SDL's callback thread -> akgl_audio_mix(internal buffer, <= 512 frames)


   Path B -- the host owns the device
   ----------------------------------
   your own audio pipeline -> akgl_audio_mix(your buffer, frames)
        |  no device is ever opened here
```

**Do not use both.** `akgl_audio_mix` mutates the voice table — it advances each voice's
frame counter and clears `active` on voices that have finished — and **it does not take the
stream lock.** Every other entry point does, when there is a stream to lock: the internal
`lock_voices` is a no-op with no device open, which is exactly right for path B and exactly
wrong if you mix the two. Calling `akgl_audio_mix` yourself while a device opened by
`akgl_audio_init` is running is two threads advancing the same voices.

Path B is what a host with its own audio pipeline wants, and it is how `tests/audio.c`
exercises the synthesis without depending on a sound card's timing:

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <akgl/audio.h>

#define HOST_FRAMES 512

/* A host that owns its own audio pipeline pulls samples itself and never
   calls akgl_audio_init. Do not do both: this path does not take the
   stream lock. */
akerr_ErrorContext *host_fill(float32_t *dest)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_audio_mix(dest, HOST_FRAMES));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

Samples are single-precision, one channel, in the range -1.0 to 1.0. `dest` is **overwritten,
not accumulated into**, and the frame count is trusted rather than checked against anything —
`akgl_audio_mix` raises `AKERR_NULLPOINTER` for a `NULL` destination and `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS`
for a negative count, and that is the extent of the validation. A count of 0 is a no-op.

Three voices at full level can sum past full scale. The mix is **clamped** rather than scaled
by the voice count, which keeps a single voice at the level it was asked for instead of a
third of it.

### Sample rate, mix size, and the numbers

```c excerpt=include/akgl/audio.h
/** @brief Sample rate of the generated stream, in frames per second. */
#define AKGL_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE 44100

/** @brief Frames the device callback generates per pass through the mixer. */
#define AKGL_AUDIO_MIX_FRAMES  512
```

Durations are milliseconds everywhere in the API and frames everywhere inside it. The
conversion truncates, so a duration under about 0.023 ms rounds to nothing. There is **no
upper bound on frequency**: a frequency above half the sample rate aliases rather than being
refused.

`akgl_audio_shutdown` closes the device and resets the voice table to its defaults —
including the master volume, back to 1.0 — so a later `akgl_audio_init` starts from a known
state. It is safe with no device open and safe to call twice. `akgl_audio_init` is a no-op
when a device is already open, and resets the voice table **only on the first call**, so it
does not silence a voice that is already sounding.

### What raises what

| Status | When |
|---|---|
| `AKERR_OUTOFBOUNDS` | A voice index outside 0–2; a non-positive frequency or sweep step; a zero `ms`; a `sustain` or `volume` outside 0.0–1.0; a waveform outside the five; a negative frame count |
| `AKERR_NULLPOINTER` | `NULL` passed to `akgl_audio_voice_active`'s `active` or `akgl_audio_mix`'s `dest` |
| `AKGL_ERR_SDL` | `akgl_audio_init` cannot open or resume a playback device. The message carries `SDL_GetError()` |

A zero-length tone is **refused** rather than treated as "stop", because `akgl_audio_stop`
already means that.

## Part 2 — the asset path

One function:

```c
#include <akerror.h>
#include <akgl/assets.h>
#include <akgl/game.h>

/* akgl_game_init creates akgl_mixer; this needs it. Nothing else in the
   library calls akgl_load_start_bgm, and there is no music registry entry. */
akerr_ErrorContext *start_music(char *path)
{
    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
    PASS(errctx, akgl_load_start_bgm(path));
    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
}
```

It loads `fname` through `akgl_mixer`, creates a `MIX_Track` for it, stores that track in
`akgl_tracks[AKGL_GAME_AUDIO_TRACK_BGM]`, publishes the audio as `akgl_bgm`, and starts
playback.

**Which formats work is SDL3_mixer's question, not libakgl's** — see the
[SDL3_mixer documentation](https://wiki.libsdl.org/SDL3_mixer/). libakgl passes the path
through verbatim; it is not resolved against `SDL_GetBasePath()`, so a relative path is
relative to the process working directory. Loading is not deferred: `MIX_LoadAudio(..., true)`
predecodes, so a large file costs its decode time here rather than at first play.

`akgl_game.h` reserves slot 1 of a 64-slot track table for the music and leaves the rest to
you:

```c excerpt=include/akgl/game.h
/** @brief Slot in ::akgl_tracks reserved for background music. Note that slot 0 is unused. */
#define AKGL_GAME_AUDIO_TRACK_BGM        1
/** @brief Size of the ::akgl_tracks table. Every simultaneous sound needs its own slot. */
#define AKGL_GAME_AUDIO_MAX_TRACKS       64
```

### Four honest statements about this half

**It requires `akgl_game_init`, not `akgl_audio_init`.** `akgl_mixer` is created by
`akgl_game_init` at `src/game.c:250`, and it is the only place in the tree that creates it.
`assets.h:17-18` says "`akgl_game_init` (or a bare `akgl_audio_init`) has to have run first";
that is wrong. `akgl_audio_init` opens the *synthesizer's* `SDL_AudioStream` and never
touches `akgl_mixer`, so calling only that leaves `akgl_load_start_bgm` handing `NULL` to
`MIX_LoadAudio`.

**The music does not loop.** `src/assets.c:20` initialises `bgmprops` to 0,
`src/assets.c:43` sets `MIX_PROP_PLAY_LOOPS_NUMBER` on it, and `src/assets.c:45` plays the
track with it. **0 is SDL's "no property set" sentinel**, not a set this function owns, so the
write is rejected — unchecked — and the play call is given no options. The music plays once
and stops, and `akgl_load_start_bgm` reports success either way. `TODO.md` item 19; the fix
is `SDL_CreateProperties()` into `bgmprops`, checked, and destroyed in `CLEANUP`.

**`AKGL_REGISTRY_MUSIC` exists and nothing populates it.** `akgl_registry_init_music()`
creates the property set and `akgl_game_init` calls it, but no function in the library ever
writes an entry. If you want music by name, that registry is yours to fill and yours to read
— through `SDL_SetPointerProperty` and `SDL_GetPointerProperty` directly, as
[Chapter 6](06-the-registry.md) describes. There is no `akgl_music_*` API.

**There are no audio fixtures anywhere in this repository.** Not one `.wav`, `.ogg`, `.mp3`,
`.flac` or tracker module, in `tests/assets/` or `util/assets/` or anywhere else. Nothing in
the tree calls `akgl_load_start_bgm` either. **This function has no test coverage at all**,
which is worth knowing before you build on it: the loop defect above was found by reading
the code, and a test would have caught it.

### The overwrite and the leak on the way out

`akgl_load_start_bgm` overwrites `akgl_tracks[AKGL_GAME_AUDIO_TRACK_BGM]` without releasing
whatever was there, so calling it twice leaks a `MIX_Track`. On a failure *after* the audio
loads, the audio is destroyed again before the error is returned — but the track, if one was
created, is not. Both are startup-helper behaviour and both are visible in the twelve lines
of `src/assets.c`; treat this as a "call it once at startup" function, which is what its
`@brief` says it is.

## Which one do I want?

**Sound effects for a game you are writing from scratch: the synthesizer.** No files, no
formats, no decode cost, no licensing question about the samples, and a laser is four lines.

**Music, or anything recorded: SDL3_mixer.** Either through `akgl_load_start_bgm` for the one
background track, or by using `akgl_mixer` directly with SDL3_mixer's own API — `akgl_mixer`
and `akgl_tracks` are public globals for exactly that reason, and there is nothing libakgl
adds that you would be going around.
