From 0972472cfa9fd5468e1f988ea849621da1cf0e80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Kesterson <andrew@aklabs.net>
Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2026 08:38:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] Take the tutorial figures out of the games themselves

Both examples gain --screenshot PATH and --screenshot-frame N. The capture sits
between the world being drawn and the frame being presented, because
SDL_RenderPresent is where the target stops being readable, and it works under
the dummy video driver and the software renderer like the rest of the headless
path does.

`cmake --build build --target docs_game_figures` regenerates
docs/images/sidescroller.png and docs/images/jrpg.png by running each game to a
chosen frame. Same contract as docs_screenshots: deliberate, never part of a
build, because the PNGs are tracked. There is no --check counterpart, and the
target says why -- the sidescroller drives its physics from the wall clock, so a
byte comparison would fail for reasons that have nothing to do with the
documentation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KzBDV2fqgnUAcqCKqKvc71
---
 CMakeLists.txt                   |  29 ++++++++++++++++
 docs/20-tutorial-sidescroller.md |   3 +-
 docs/21-tutorial-jrpg.md         |   1 -
 docs/images/jrpg.png             | Bin 0 -> 8915 bytes
 docs/images/sidescroller.png     | Bin 0 -> 11319 bytes
 examples/jrpg/jrpg.c             |  55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 examples/sidescroller/main.c     |  47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/images/jrpg.png
 create mode 100644 docs/images/sidescroller.png

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index b20778f..a1ecffa 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -807,6 +807,35 @@ add_custom_target(${AKGL_DOCS_SCREENSHOTS_TARGET}
 # examples/CMakeLists.txt, one game at a time, for the same reason.
 if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/examples/CMakeLists.txt")
   add_subdirectory(examples)
+
+  # The figures at the top of chapters 20 and 21 are frames out of the games
+  # themselves, taken by --screenshot between the world being drawn and the
+  # frame being presented. Same contract as docs_screenshots above: deliberate,
+  # never part of a build, because the PNGs are tracked.
+  #
+  # There is no --check counterpart. docs_screenshots can compare because its
+  # figures are one deterministic frame of drawing calls; a game frame is not.
+  # The sidescroller drives its physics from the wall clock, so which pixel the
+  # player occupies depends on how fast the machine ran, and a byte comparison
+  # would fail for reasons that have nothing to do with the documentation.
+  add_custom_target(docs_game_figures
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env
+            SDL_VIDEODRIVER=dummy SDL_RENDER_DRIVER=software SDL_AUDIODRIVER=dummy
+            $<TARGET_FILE:sidescroller>
+            --assets "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/docs/tutorials/assets/sidescroller"
+            --autoplay --frames 110
+            --screenshot "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/docs/images/sidescroller.png"
+            --screenshot-frame 100
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env
+            SDL_VIDEODRIVER=dummy SDL_RENDER_DRIVER=software SDL_AUDIODRIVER=dummy
+            $<TARGET_FILE:jrpg>
+            --demo --frames 240
+            --screenshot "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/docs/images/jrpg.png"
+            --screenshot-frame 230
+    DEPENDS sidescroller jrpg
+    COMMENT "Regenerating the tutorial figures in docs/images"
+    VERBATIM
+  )
 endif()
 
 # Mutation testing copies the repository to scratch space, applies one small
diff --git a/docs/20-tutorial-sidescroller.md b/docs/20-tutorial-sidescroller.md
index c0d804f..cb7917c 100644
--- a/docs/20-tutorial-sidescroller.md
+++ b/docs/20-tutorial-sidescroller.md
@@ -582,8 +582,7 @@ that has to happen inside the physics step has only the one hook.
 ```
 
 ```c excerpt=examples/sidescroller/main.c
-    PASS(errctx, akgl_game_update(NULL));
-    PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_end(akgl_renderer));
+    PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_start(akgl_renderer));
 ```
 
 `akgl_game_update` is update-every-actor, step-the-physics, draw-the-world. It does **not**
diff --git a/docs/21-tutorial-jrpg.md b/docs/21-tutorial-jrpg.md
index fc657c7..b1bd055 100644
--- a/docs/21-tutorial-jrpg.md
+++ b/docs/21-tutorial-jrpg.md
@@ -547,7 +547,6 @@ zero gravity, which is what the property defaults already give you.
     PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_start(akgl_renderer));
     PASS(errctx, akgl_game_update(&opflags));
     PASS(errctx, jrpg_textbox_draw());
-    PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_end(akgl_renderer));
 ```
 
 `akgl_game_update` is update-every-actor, step the physics, draw the world. It
diff --git a/docs/images/jrpg.png b/docs/images/jrpg.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/examples/jrpg/jrpg.c b/examples/jrpg/jrpg.c
index e6015a0..96154dd 100644
--- a/examples/jrpg/jrpg.c
+++ b/examples/jrpg/jrpg.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+#include <SDL3_image/SDL_image.h>
 #include <SDL3_ttf/SDL_ttf.h>
 #include <akerror.h>
 #include <akstdlib.h>
@@ -68,6 +69,10 @@ static const jrpg_ScriptStep JRPG_DEMO_SCRIPT[] = {
 #define JRPG_DEMO_STEPS (sizeof(JRPG_DEMO_SCRIPT) / sizeof(JRPG_DEMO_SCRIPT[0]))
 
 static long frame_limit = 0;
+
+/** @brief Where `--screenshot` writes, and on which frame. NULL means never. */
+static char *shotpath = NULL;
+static long shotframe = 0;
 static bool demo = false;
 static bool running = true;
 static int exitstatus = 0;
@@ -116,8 +121,23 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *parse_args(int argc, char *argv[])
 	    i += 1;
 	    PASS(errctx, aksl_atoi(argv[i], &frames));
 	    frame_limit = frames;
+	} else if ( strcmp(argv[i], "--screenshot") == 0 ) {
+	    if ( (i + 1) >= argc ) {
+		FAIL_RETURN(errctx, AKERR_VALUE, "--screenshot needs a path");
+	    }
+	    i += 1;
+	    shotpath = argv[i];
+	} else if ( strcmp(argv[i], "--screenshot-frame") == 0 ) {
+	    if ( (i + 1) >= argc ) {
+		FAIL_RETURN(errctx, AKERR_VALUE, "--screenshot-frame needs a number");
+	    }
+	    i += 1;
+	    PASS(errctx, aksl_atoi(argv[i], &frames));
+	    shotframe = frames;
 	} else {
-	    FAIL_RETURN(errctx, AKERR_VALUE, "usage: jrpg [--frames N] [--demo]");
+	    FAIL_RETURN(errctx, AKERR_VALUE,
+			"usage: jrpg [--frames N] [--demo]"
+			" [--screenshot PATH] [--screenshot-frame N]");
 	}
     }
     SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
@@ -230,6 +250,36 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *demo_step(long frameno)
     SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Read the render target back and write it out as a PNG.
+ *
+ * Called between the box being drawn and the frame being presented, because
+ * SDL_RenderPresent is where the target stops being readable. This is how the
+ * figure in chapter 21 is generated: it is output from this program rather than
+ * a picture somebody took once, so it cannot show a version of the game that no
+ * longer exists.
+ */
+static akerr_ErrorContext *save_screenshot(char *path)
+{
+    SDL_Surface *shot = NULL;
+    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
+
+    FAIL_ZERO_RETURN(errctx, path, AKERR_NULLPOINTER, "path");
+
+    shot = SDL_RenderReadPixels(akgl_renderer->sdl_renderer, NULL);
+    FAIL_ZERO_RETURN(errctx, shot, AKGL_ERR_SDL, "SDL_RenderReadPixels: %s", SDL_GetError());
+
+    ATTEMPT {
+	FAIL_ZERO_BREAK(errctx, IMG_SavePNG(shot, path), AKGL_ERR_SDL,
+			"IMG_SavePNG(%s): %s", path, SDL_GetError());
+    } CLEANUP {
+	SDL_DestroySurface(shot);
+    } PROCESS(errctx) {
+    } FINISH(errctx, true);
+    SDL_Log("Wrote %s", path);
+    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief One frame: events, camera, the library's own update, the box, present.
  *
@@ -276,6 +326,9 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *frame(long frameno)
     // on top of a frame that did not finish. Treat a failed frame as terminal.
     PASS(errctx, akgl_game_update(&opflags));
     PASS(errctx, jrpg_textbox_draw());
+    if ( (shotpath != NULL) && (frameno == shotframe) ) {
+	PASS(errctx, save_screenshot(shotpath));
+    }
     PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_end(akgl_renderer));
 
     SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
diff --git a/examples/sidescroller/main.c b/examples/sidescroller/main.c
index 809f265..e60a8fe 100644
--- a/examples/sidescroller/main.c
+++ b/examples/sidescroller/main.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+#include <SDL3_image/SDL_image.h>
 #include <SDL3_mixer/SDL_mixer.h>
 #include <SDL3_ttf/SDL_ttf.h>
 
@@ -46,6 +47,40 @@
 ss_Game ss_game;
 akgl_CollisionWorld ss_collision;
 
+/** @brief Where `--screenshot` writes, and on which frame. NULL means never. */
+static char *ss_shotpath = NULL;
+static int ss_shotframe = 0;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Read the render target back and write it out as a PNG.
+ *
+ * Called between the world being drawn and the frame being presented, because
+ * SDL_RenderPresent is where the target stops being readable. This is how the
+ * figure in chapter 20 is generated: it is output from this program rather than
+ * a picture somebody took once, so it cannot show a version of the game that no
+ * longer exists.
+ */
+static akerr_ErrorContext *save_screenshot(char *path)
+{
+    SDL_Surface *shot = NULL;
+    PREPARE_ERROR(errctx);
+
+    FAIL_ZERO_RETURN(errctx, path, AKERR_NULLPOINTER, "path");
+
+    shot = SDL_RenderReadPixels(akgl_renderer->sdl_renderer, NULL);
+    FAIL_ZERO_RETURN(errctx, shot, AKGL_ERR_SDL, "SDL_RenderReadPixels: %s", SDL_GetError());
+
+    ATTEMPT {
+	FAIL_ZERO_BREAK(errctx, IMG_SavePNG(shot, path), AKGL_ERR_SDL,
+			"IMG_SavePNG(%s): %s", path, SDL_GetError());
+    } CLEANUP {
+	SDL_DestroySurface(shot);
+    } PROCESS(errctx) {
+    } FINISH(errctx, true);
+    SDL_Log("Wrote %s", path);
+    SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
+}
+
 akerr_ErrorContext *ss_grounded(akgl_CollisionShape *shape, float32_t x, float32_t y, bool *dest)
 {
     SDL_FRect feet;
@@ -354,6 +389,9 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *frame(bool *running)
      * Treat it as terminal, which is what PASS does here.
      */
     PASS(errctx, akgl_game_update(NULL));
+    if ( (ss_shotpath != NULL) && (ss_game.frame == ss_shotframe) ) {
+	PASS(errctx, save_screenshot(ss_shotpath));
+    }
     PASS(errctx, akgl_renderer->frame_end(akgl_renderer));
     SUCCEED_RETURN(errctx);
 }
@@ -441,11 +479,20 @@ static akerr_ErrorContext *parse_args(int argc, char *argv[], char **assetdir, i
 	    i += 1;
 	    FAIL_NONZERO_RETURN(errctx, (i >= argc), AKERR_VALUE, "--assets needs a directory");
 	    *assetdir = argv[i];
+	} else if ( strcmp(argv[i], "--screenshot") == 0 ) {
+	    i += 1;
+	    FAIL_NONZERO_RETURN(errctx, (i >= argc), AKERR_VALUE, "--screenshot needs a path");
+	    ss_shotpath = argv[i];
+	} else if ( strcmp(argv[i], "--screenshot-frame") == 0 ) {
+	    i += 1;
+	    FAIL_NONZERO_RETURN(errctx, (i >= argc), AKERR_VALUE, "--screenshot-frame needs a number");
+	    PASS(errctx, aksl_atoi(argv[i], &ss_shotframe));
 	} else {
 	    FAIL_RETURN(
 		errctx,
 		AKERR_VALUE,
 		"usage: sidescroller [--assets DIR] [--frames N] [--autoplay]"
+		" [--screenshot PATH] [--screenshot-frame N]"
 		);
 	}
     }